Sex As A Political Condition - 1592 Words

Award winning professor Carlos Nicolas Flores has put a new perspective in a life of a Mexican-American. The El Paso native has had a successful career as a professor and author, he’s well known for Our House on Hueco, but he’s been recently getting more attention with his lascivious novel: Sex as a Political Condition: A Border Novel. This said novel has placed him in the spotlight as he acquires more interviews and reviews about the book he further discloses information about himself. The interviews and reviews expose essential parts of his life as well as mixed reactions for Sex as a Political Condition: A Border Novel. Author Joseph Green’s put it best: â€Å"It is revolutionary in spirit and inelegant in ethos, equal parts hilarious,†¦show more content†¦In addition, his travels to Mexico and all over the world have made him a very cultured man, and given inspiration for many of his novels. Sex as a Political Condition: a Border Novel has been a raw, refreshing book. The first chapter of the novel takes place in a barrio in the border town of Escandon, Texas. The novel starts off with the narrator and protagonist, Honore Del Castillo, imagining about â€Å"Cuba’s most important hero, Jose Marti.† In this chapter we see that Honore tries to desperately change his life for the better, considering the neurotic fear he has with the possibility of dying without a purpose or making any sort of difference. This results in the narrator wanting/becoming an activist just like Trotsky, a war veteran that saved his life. Therefore, he accepts all types of odd jobs Trotsky asks him to do like â€Å"giving a priest a ride to the bus station or airport across the river in Nuevo Escandon, Mexico.† But his wife, Maruca, isn’t really fond of Trotsky and is always asking Honore to â€Å"cool it† with him. Comparatively, in Honore’s eyes Trotsky s aved him from a life of drug dealing. Before he met Trotsky, Honore used to smuggle dope with his puro carbon neighbor, Tequila Cuervo, and is constantly bothered by this pendejo. He refuses to go back to â€Å"pot, coke,Show MoreRelatedModern Day Slavery Of Thailand1525 Words   |  7 PagesMekong Sub-region. Sex trafficking is not just described as the trade in humans for sexual slavery but also consists of forced marriages or even martyr organ donors. Trafficking is often seen through the hue of sexual slavery and it is critical to understand the social, political and economic reasons that contribute to the growth of human trafficking in Thailand. Since the Vietnam War, sex trafficking has been on a constant rise due to foreign troops being the very first clients to sex workers, thereRead MoreWomen And The Middle East And North Africa1148 Words   |  5 PagesThe diversities within North Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia (cultural, religious, political, etc.) play a crucial part in the status of women and the key features of gender roles in these particular geographic regions. The Middle East and North Africa share commonalities through Arabic and Islamic culture. Establishing equalities for women amongst the current social and political changes of Middle Eastern and North African societies stands as a difficult obstacle to overcome, but inRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1292 Words   |  6 Pagesdue to the current legislation and attitude toward sex workers. Prostitution is often referred to as the oldest profession. However, sex workers are still struggling to receive recognition as legitimate working Americans. 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With a closer examination of the policies changed and the benefits or disadvantages of these changes in  ¬the Netherlands, it can be determined if a degree of change inRead MoreReaction to Cars Gay Divorce1019 Words   |  4 PagesCard’s â€Å"Gay Divorce† Overview The institutional barriers to legally recognizing same-sex marriage engender a sense of injustice and an unethical violation of a Universal Human Right. While author Card does identify these fallacies and states that the law should not determine which adult unions are legitimate, she posits an unsettling alternative. Suggesting that same-sex marriage should not have been a political issue and proposing the abolition of marriage denies the LGBT community social recognitionRead MoreBook Review: Lydias Open Door Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesAnthropologist Patty Kelly is an intriguing case study about both the hidden and not so hidden aspects of sex work in Chiapas, Mexico. 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Rosenberg examines the direct and indirect consequences of these decisions and providesRead MoreThe Global North And Global South Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pagessocio-economic and political standings of the nations within them. The Global North is composed of the primary, developed leaders, such as the United States, Australia, and European Union. On the other side of the economic and political spectrum lies the G lobal South, which is composed primarily of Third World nations. According to The Politics of Global Economic Relations and International Business, the North has the political advantage globally. A majority of its members are leaders in the political realmRead MoreSex Tourism : The Issues That Emerge From A Sex Worker ( Prostitute ) And Tourist1297 Words   |  6 PagesSex tourism examines the issues that emerge from a sex worker (prostitute) and tourist (farang/customer) interactions. Sex Tourism is progressively spreading and it is now a worldwide subject matter that every country can relate to some way or the other. Sex tourism it has been around for decades and it has grown more widespread. This industry is very well understood by the tourist. It is not formally publicized; it is rather through informal exchanges, word of mouth and internet, that the farangRead MoreThe Gay Marriage Should Be Legal947 Words   |  4 PagesDefending Gay Marriage During the last few years, homosexuality has become an important issue for debate. Moreover, homosexuals have taken their case further by claiming their right to marry. Same-sex marriage, usually known as â€Å"gay marriage†, is the marriage between two people from the same biological sex (Doskow1). Since 2000, eleven countries have approved the legalization of gay marriage worldwide: Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, South Africa, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Iceland, Argentina,

Compare/Contrast 2 Ancient Sculptures - 782 Words

For this essay I have chosen two sculptures, each from a different culture that I am very fond of, to compare and contrast. The first piece that I chose is an Egyptian sculpture of royalty (picture on the left). This statue represents an eternal existence reflected in its emotionless calm and enduring serenity. In this statue Menkure and His Chief Queen from the Old Kingdom’s 4th Dynasty are depicted; it is thought to have originally stood on the processional causeway leading to Menkure’s pyramid at Giza. However, the statue was discovered buried with him inside his tomb. â€Å"It is believed to have been the first double statue of its kind made.†This sculpture shares all of the conventional qualities common to most Egyptian sculptures of human†¦show more content†¦He was attacked by sea snakes while performing a sacrifice at the altar of Neptune.† The grouping of this statue was probably designed for a frontal view only. The intense emphasis on em otion of this statue I believe to be Hellenistic Greek or also known as â€Å"Baroque†, Note the serpent that bites Laocoon’s leg, and the pained expressions. This statue can be found in the Vatican Museum in Rome. Both Egyptian and Greek art have their similarities, but also have many differences. I chose to compare these two pieces because I believe that they both have their own sense of styles and beauty. â€Å"The combination of geometric regularity is characteristic of all ancient Egyptian art which was often described as cubed and constrained†, when â€Å"the artist of the Hellenistic era expanded his formal horizons with dramatic posing, sweeping lines, and high contrast of light, shadow and emotions.† In the Greek art of the Hellenistic era you can see a reaction to the classical form of art that was very conventional and had a lot of rules. They consequently gave way to the trialing and a sense of freedom that allowed the artist to explore his subjects from different unique points of view. Egyptian art was very fond of their religion and immortality and they reflected that in their work. Greek Hellenistic showed a great deal of emotion and movement that also echoed inShow MoreRelatedComparing The Statue Of Gudea802 Words   |  4 Pageseye-catching sculp tures, and stunning statues, each having an individual story to tell. Thousands of them have been created however, only a small number of them are actually extraordinary and picture-worthy. This paper will compare and contrast two of those picture-worthy sculptures. Furthermore, I will examine the aspects of each of these sculptures. I will compare and contrast what each of them represents, the differences in texture, their size and their tone. Representation The two sculptures presentedRead MoreAncient Greek Architecture : The Doric Style And The Ionic Design Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesThere are three types of columns found in ancient Greek architecture but two of the three columns are: The Doric style and the Ionic design The Doric style is rather sturdy and its top (the capital), is plain. This style was used in mainland Greece and the colonies in southern Italy and Sicily. The Ionic style is thinner and more elegant. Its capital is decorated with a scroll-like design (a volute). This style was found in eastern Greece and the islands. 2). The ushabti (also called shabti or shawabtiRead MoreCompare and Contrast 2 Objects1343 Words   |  6 Pagesvast antique collection found in the Sir John Soanes’s Museum, London, I was able to identify with 2 objects that I felt had the most interest to me. Found in the Colonnade and Dome room, I will compare and contrast the statue of Apollo Belvedere, a Greek god originally made from bronze and discovered in Rome in the late 15th century. The second is a statue of the Ephesian Diana, an Egyptian sculpture derived of marble. There are a number of statues replicating the pagan goddess, Artemis from EphesusRead MoreSimilarities and Differences Between Ancient Greek and Byzantine Art1670 Words   |  7 Pageshad left its mark on the remaining civilizations. Because Byzantium had arisen from the ashes of the Roman Empire, Byzantine artwork incorporated aspects of Greek art within their own artwork. The purpose of this investigation is to compare and contrast art in ancient Greece and Byzantium. Recognizing the similarities and differences between two related cultures is vital in understanding the evolution of art from one culture to another. Within this investigation designs/patterns and symbols will beRead MoreFormal Analysis, Contextualizing, and Compare and Contrast of the Egyptian Sculpture of Isis Nursing Horus and the Byzantine Icon, the Virgin of Vladimir1869 Words   |  8 PagesA formal analysis, contextualizing, and compare and contrast of the Egyptian sculpture of Isis nurturing Horus and the Byzantine icon, The Virgin of Vladimir This essay aims to investigate two different time periods in the history of art. It will scrutinize the influence that the respective societal contexts had on the different artists, which in turn, caused them to arrange the formal elements in a specific way. I will be examining an Egyptian sculpture of the god Isis nursing Horus, her son,Read MoreSt. Lawrence By Gian Lorenzo Bernini, And David By Michelangelo1117 Words   |  5 PagesThe sculptures to be examined are St. Lawrence by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and David by Michelangelo. Starting with the obvious, both of these works are sculptures. Both of these works are also marble. Although both of the sculptures use the same material, there is a difference in the way that they use it. Bernini was able to create many different textures in order to show the difference between the flames and the skin of the saint. For Michelangelo, one can look and tell that it is a human and thatRead MoreRenaissance in Cinquecento Italy 1313 Words   |   6 PagesInterest in humanism and the rebirth of Classical, spur an interest in authentic Roman and Greek sculptures. The revival of nudity in life-size sculpture was initiated by Donatello’s David, and continued through the Renaissance. Nudity led to an increase study of human anatomy. Sculptors competed with the glory of ancient artists by creating monumental figures that revived Roman and Greek sculpture, along with the Classical’s interest in nudity and correct human proportion. Donatello’s David, 1420s-1460sRead MoreSimilarities Of The Mayan Civilization1102 Words   |  5 Pagesscript are the only known pre-Columbian Americas’ system of writing. Some of the glyphs were represented by sound or pictures. This civilization wrote hundreds of books called codices (books folded like an accordion).The Ancient Mayas were at their prime in power by 250 A.D. Ancient Mayan people produced a wide range of pottery, they were also skilled weavers. The Mesoamerican civilization is known for their mathematical, astronomical, and art architectures. Mesoamerican art honored their everydayRead MoreDonatellos Annunciation1646 Words   |  7 Pagesstory of The Annunciation in sculpture and why contemporaries were so impressed with his achievement. Donatello is considered to be one of the most influential artists of the 15th century. A member of the innovative group of painters, architects and sculptors that revolutionised art in Florence at the beginning of the 15th century, he succeeded in becoming perhaps the most successful in his field due to his understanding of the aspects of classical sculpture and the creative and emotiveRead MoreBlink: Beauty of Snap Decisions1289 Words   |  6 Pagesplace or thing. Narration - The writer’s personal recount of any event that somehow directly ties to or pertains to the subject at hand. Process Analysis - The simple explanation of how to do something, or how something happens. Comparison and Contrast – Viewing the similarities and the differences between two items. Division and Classification - The division of information into groups or categories. Definition – The explanation of terms used in the writer’s essay. Cause and Effect Analysis

Intoduction to Wood Despatch Essay Sample free essay sample

We discussed Lord Macaulay’s Minute of 1835 and educational policy of Lord William Bentinck. which was founded on educational positions of Macualy. This unit deals with Wood’s Despatch of 1854. The Despatch is a really of import educational papers and holds a alone topographic point in the history of Indian instruction. It placed the duty of instruction of the Indian people to the full on the company and stated rather explicitly that it must neer be neglected. The Despatch gave new way to instruction in India and in a manner this way has its clear impact on today’s instruction in the state. In this unit. we will discourse the historical the historical events taking to the Despatch. recommendations of the Despatch. its virtues and failings and eventually the impact of the despatch on the Indian Education System. HISTORICAL EVENTS LEADING TO THE DESPATCH Let us discourse the events that led to the readying of the Despatch of 1854. It is known to us that the Charter of the East India Company had to be renewed after every twenty old ages. Consequently while regenerating the Charter in 1833 the British Parliament increased the amount of money to one million annually from the one hundred thousand in 1813 to be sent on instruction in India. When the clip for reclamation came in 1853. instruction in India had come to endure legion jobs. The managers of the company decided to put down a definite policy for instruction in India. Therefore. it became necessary to do a comprehensive study of the full field of instruction. As such. a Selection Committee of the British Parliament was set up in order to establish an question into the steps for their reforms. The Committee studied the issue exhaustively and reported that the inquiry of the Indian instruction should non be ignored and its development will non be in any instance harmful to the British Empire. The suggestions of the Committee were favorably considered by the Board of Directors. Sir Charles Wood was the president of the Board of Control. Therefore. the declaration is sued on July 19. 1854 was known as â€Å"Wood’s Despatch† . although it is said that the Despatch was written by the celebrated mind John Stuart Mill. a clerk of the company at that clip. On the footing of the recommendations of the Wood’s Despatch. new educational policies were formed. Let US KNOW The East India Company had to regenerate its Charter after every twenty old ages. Before regenerating the Charter in 1853. the British Parliament constitutes a Selection Committee to enquiry into the Progress of instruction in India and suggests reform. The suggestions of the Committee were issued as a Charter of Education on July 19. 1854. Charles Wood was the president of the Board of Control. So this is known as Wood’s Despatch of 1854. RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE WOOD’S DESPATCH Wood’s Despatch is a long papers of 100 paragraphs and trades with the assorted facets of great educational importance. Now we will discourse the recommendations in one by one. Aims and Objectives of Educational Policy: The Despatch first throws visible radiation on the purposes and aims of educational policy of the Company in India. It gave highest precedence to the duty of Indian Education overall other duties of the Company. The Despatch had the undermentioned aims in position: a ) To leave Western cognition. information about the western civilization to the Indians. B ) To educate the indigens of India so that a category of public retainers could be created. degree Celsius ) To advance rational development and besides raise the moral character of the immature coevals. vitamin D ) To develop practical and vocational accomplishments of the Indians people so that more and more articles could be produced and besides to make a good market for ingestion of those goods. Department of Education: The Wood’s Despatch. for the first clip. recommended the creative activity of a Department of Public Instruction in each of the five states of Bengal. Bombay. Madras. the Punjab and the North Western states. The caput of the Department would be called the Director and he was to be assisted by a figure of inspectors. The D. P. T. had to subject an one-year study to the authorities about the educational advancement in his state. Expansion of Mass Education: – Another major recommendation of the Despatch was enlargement of mass instruction. It was obs erved that the common people were deprived of educational chances and hence much accent was given on the addition of puting up primary. center and high schools. The Dowaward Feltration Theory as proposed earlier was discarded and in its topographic point importance to primary instruction was given. Elementary instruction was considered to be the foundation of the instruction system. Constitution of Universities: – The Despatch recommended the constitution of universities in the three Presidency towns of Calcutta. Bombay and Madras. The universities were to be modeled after the London University and these were to hold a senate comprising of a Chancellor. a Vice-Chancellor. and chaps who were nominated by the Government. The Universities would confabulate grades to the successful campaigners after go throughing the scrutinies. ( of Science or Humanistic disciplines Streams ) conducted by the Senate. The universities were to form sections non merely of English but besides of Arabic. Sanskrit and Persian. every bit good as jurisprudence and civil technology. Grant – in-aid system: – The Wood’s Despatch recommended the countenance of a grant-in-aid system in the Indian educational system. To educate the big figure of people of India was a hard undertaking and so the grant-in-aid system was adopted by the authorities. Grants were given to those schools and colleges which satisfied the conditions given below: a ) The schools must supply secular instruction. B ) The school direction should run the school good. degree Celsius ) The school should hold to province review from clip to clip. vitamin D ) The schools should follow any regulation prescribed by the authorities for the ordinance of the grant. vitamin E ) The school must bear down fees from the pupils. Grants were given to the schools for increasing the wages instructors. building of school edifices. allowing scholarships to pupils. bettering conditions of literaries. gap of scientific discipline section etc. Teaching of Language: – The Wood’s Despatch gave importance to instruction of English. but at the same clip. it besides stressed on the instruction of Indian linguistic communications. The Despatch realised that any familiarity of European cognition could be communicated to the common people and that could be conveyed to th em merely through larning their ain female parent lingua. Therefore the Despatch clearly stated that Indian linguistic communications every bit good as English should be used as media of direction. Education of Womans: – The Despatch recommended that the authorities should ever back up instruction for adult females. The wood’s Despatch stated. â€Å"The importance of female instruction in India can non be over rated ; and we have observed with pleasance the grounds which is now afforded of an increased desire on the portion of many of the indigens of India to give a good instruction to their girls. By this means a far greater relative urge is imparted to the educational and moral tone of the people than by the instruction of men† . The Despatch besides encouraged the private endeavors to advance adult females instruction. The schools for misss were to be included among those to which grants-in-aid would be given. Training of Teachers: – The Wood’s Despatch recommended the constitution of instructor preparation schools in each of the states. There should be developing schools for instructors of technology. medical specialty and jurisprudence. T he qualified instructors should be given better wage graduated tables. The Despatch farther emphasized on the proviso of scholarships to the instructors during their preparation period. Professional Education: – The Wood’s Despatch encouraged professional instruction. It recommended the constitution of medical. technology jurisprudence and other institutes of professional instruction. The Despatch stated that in order to develop vocational efficiency of people and besides to do people gain that the British regulation was progressive. Another ground for the encouragement of vocational instruction was to command the job of unemployment. Introduction of web of Graded Schools all over India: – The Wood’s Despath recommended the constitution of a web of ranked schools all over the state. At one terminal were the universities and the colleges. so the high schools followed by the in-between schools and the underside of the in-between schools and at the underside of the web were the primary schools. both authorities and autochthonal. Both the Anglo-vernacular and common schools were to be included in the same category. This system was recommended in order to enable an person to have higher instruction after finishing the different degrees of schools instruction. Let Us KNOW The chief aim of the Wood’s Despatch was to educate Indian people inorder to make a category of civil retainers. It besides wanted to leave Western knowledge and information about Western Culture to the Indian people. The Wood’s Despatch recommended for the first clip. the creative activity of Department of Education in Bengal. Madras. Bombay. Punjab and the North Western Provinces. The Despatch recommended the publicity of mass instruction by set uping schools. both populace of and private. The Wood’s Despatch recommended the constitution of three universities in the Presidency towns of Calcutta. Bombay and Madras on the theoretical account of the London University. The grant-in-aid system was recommended by the Wood’s Despatch The Despatch wanted to advance the survey of English every bit good as Indian regional linguistic communications and classical linguistic communications like Arabic. Iranian and Sanskrit. The Wood’s Despatch supported adult females instruction. Importance of preparation of instructors was realised by the Despatch and so it recommended the con stitution of instructor preparation institutes. It besides suggested the betterment of working status and wages of instructors. The Wood’s Despatch besides encouraged professional instruction. Evaluation OF WOOD’S DESPATCH Now we are familiar with the recommendations of the Despatch of 1854. We have observed that the Despatch includes a figure of valuable and cardinal recommendations for future educational development in India. It gave new way to instruction and laid the foundation of the present Indian educational system. It solved many oldeducational issues like step of instruction. medium of direction and proposed new strategies for future educational development in India with far making effects. However. it can non be said that it is free from defects. Below we shall be understanding its virtues and demerits: Merits of Wood’s Despatch The virtues of the Despatch are discussed in the undermentioned points: The Wood Despatch started a new epoch in Indian instruction system by clearly specifying aims of instruction. It made the Government gain the importance of instruction for the people. It presented a comprehensive strategy of instruction encompassing primary. secondary and higher instruction. It recommended the creative activity of a separate Department of Public Instruction in five states and assignment of a Director to head the Department. The rule of Downward Filtration Theory was discarded by the Wood’s Despatch and it encouraged the publicity of mass instruction ; it recommended the constitution of autochthonal schools. By the grant-in-aid system many schools were benefited and the quality of instruction improved and private administrations were encouraged to open new schools. The Despatch encouraged higher instruction by urging the constitution of universities in Calcutta. Bombay and Madras. The Wood’s Despatch emphasized on the necessity of vocational instruction. The Despatch recommended the importance of set uping teacher preparation institutes to better the quality of instructors and besides improves their conditions and wages. The Despatch recommended scholarships for the hapless and worth pupils. Language instruction was encouraged by the Despatch ; as a consequence. regional linguistic communications and classical linguistic communications were taught in the schools. Let US KNOW The Wood’s Despatch was a historical papers because of its virtues. They are given below: For the first clip the authorities earnestly realised the importance of a well planned instruction system. It recommended the creative activity of a Department of Public Instruction and appointed a Director to head the Department. It recommended the constitution of both authorities and autochthonal schools to advance mass instruction. The Despatch besides recommended the constitution of three universities to higher instruction. The Despatch encouraged vocational edication and besides developing for instructors. The Wood’s Despatch recommended the instruction of English and Indian regional linguistic communications every bit good as classical linguistic communications like Arabic. Iranian and Sanskrit. Check Your Progress 3. What were the virtues of the Wood’s Despatch? Demerits of Wood’s Despatch The demerits of the Wood’s Despacth are given below: The Despatch. in world promoted Western literature and cognition and authorities offices showed penchants for individuals educated in English. The instruction planning and direction strategies remained merely in black and white. It neglected general instruction. Merely the privileged category receives instruction. Autochthonal schools remained ignored. Precedence was given to people educated on English form with respect to authorities stations. M. R. Paranjpe stated that. â€Å"the writers did non take at instruction for leading. instruction for the industrial regeneration of India. instruction for the defense mechanism of the fatherland. in short. instruction required by the people of a self- government state. Departments of Education were opened in the five states but they could non advance the existent involvement of instruction. The system of grant-in-aid did non run in proper sense. i. e. . there was ever the dearth of financess. the abnormality of their release and bliased attitude towards the in private managed schools. The thought of supplying vocational instruction as advocated by the Despatch. was in world absent . Peoples were confronting the job of unemployment and this is prevailing even today. The Wood’s Despatch had a partial attitude towards the Christian missionaries ; Christian spiritual books were easy made available to the pupils. in the libraries. The three universities were modelled on the London University and the Government’s policy of put uping members to the senate was biased. Therefore higher instruction was non related to Indian conditions. The Despatch succeeded in merely bring forthing a category of clerks and comptrollers. The Wood’s Despatch could non take the instability in Indian instruction system. The rich people sent their kids to English medium schools. and the authorities bit by bit stopped fiscal assistance to the autochthonal schools and so the being of these schools became jeopardised. It failed to develop character enterprise and leading among pupils. In decision it has been observed that nevertheless. it must be noted that inspite of all the restrictions. the Wood’s Despatch was recognized as the Magna Carta of Indian Education. ’ The aim of the Despatch was really sincere but the authorities could non implement the assorted suggestions and recommendations. The Department of E ducation was created in the five states with a DPI. inspectors and other officers. In 1857 three universities were besides established in Calcutta. Bombay and Madras. The chief commissariats of the papers were of great historical importantance. It provided a encouragement to secondary instruction and to some extent to primary instruction besides. It was nevertheless observed that some of the most of import recommendations of the Despatch were non carried out for a long clip and some were given consequence in a deformed signifier. During the first 30 old ages after the Despatch. authorities establishments bit by bit increased and beside the Christian Missionaries other private endeavor were non encouraged. As instruction spread and new ideals of societal service emerged. Indian private endeavor began and multiplied but the authorities was non prepared to manus over its schools and colleges to Indian direction as it had small religion on the Indians’ capacity and managerial accomplishments. Plans to distribute mass instruction were non realized nor were common high schools established. It was painful to detect that the Despatch. to an extent. idea of India as a provider of natural stuffs for British industries and the consumer of the finished merchandises of England. Indians neer recognized the Wood’s Despatch as a ‘Magna Carta’ as it did non unfeignedly promote cosmopolitan literacy. The boosters of the Despatch could non visualise the advancement of Indian aspirations even after a century. The Sepoy Mutiny happened in 1857 and shortly after. the East India Company was disolved and the authorities came straight under the British Crown. As a effect. attempts were made to consolidate the imperium and instruction was slightly ignored. Let US KNOW Demerits of the Wood Despatch: The Wood’s Despatch could non pull off the instruction system good. Mass instruction did non go a world. The grant-in-aid system did non work good as there was dearth of financess and abnormality of the release of financess. The Despatch was more intersted in advancing Western cognition and civilization. The Department of Public Instruction could non advance the involvement of instruction and the instruction in the universities could non be related to Indian conditions. The Despatch did non advance vocational instruction as was required. in fact. the thought was postponed indefinitely. Women instruction continued to be neglected. Let US Summarize UP After holding the treatment on this unit. followerss are the basic thoughts that we have discussed in inside informations. In the 1853 reclamation of the Charter Act. it was realised that a systematic form of instruction was necessary for India. As a consequence the Wood’s Despatch was issued. with Sir Charles Wood as the President of the Board of Control of Education. The chief aim of the Despatch was to leave Western cognition to the Indian people and besides to develop their mind and moral character. For the first clip in India. the Wood’s Despatch recommended the creative activity of a Department of Public Instruction in five states. A major recommendation of the Wood’s Despatch was to dispersed instruction among the common people and to do them vocationally efficient. Three universities in three Presidency towns of Calcutta. Bombay and Madras were set up as per the recommendations of the Despatch. A major recommendation of the Woodâ€℠¢s Despatch was to dispersed instruction among the common people and to do so vocationally efficient. Grant-in-aid system was to be introduced as per the recommendation of the Wood’s Despatch. The Despatch encouraged the instruction of Indian regional linguistic communications and classica linguistic communications like Arabic. Iranian and Sanskrit every bit good as English.

The Role of Leadership in Emplyee Performance Essay Example

The Role of Leadership in Emplyee Performance Essay International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology Vol. 2 No. 5; August 2012 Impact of Leadership Development on Employees Performance (Case Study: Employees of Customs Headquarters) Dr. Javad Mehrabi Department of Public Management, Qazvin Branch Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran Dr.Mohammad Taheri Roozbehani Department of Management, Boroojerd Branch Islamic Azad University, Boroojerd , Iran Shirin Naseri Department of Management, Boroojerd Branch Islamic Azad University, Boroojerd, Iran Batool Samangooei Postgraduate of Business Management Payame- Nour University, Tehran Shahre Ray Unit and Educational Services Expert in University of Isfahan, Iran Abstract Objective: The present survey has been conducted to study the role of leadership development on employees performance in Customs headquarters of the Islamic Republic of Iran.Methodology: Descriptive-correlation method was used in this survey and the statistical population included employees of Customs headquarters equal to six-hundred seventy eight (678) persons. Sample volume was selected through random class sampling method that was equal to two-hundred fifty (250) persons. Questionnaire was used to collect the required data and data analysis was accomplished using inferential statistics tests such as Pierson correlation coefficient and step by step regression analysis in addition to descriptive statistics indexes such as mean and standard deviation.Findings: Findings reveal that there is a significant and positive relationship among leadership development and its dimensions with employees performance. Conclusion: It is concluded that authorization, education and development and empowerment have the highest impact on employees performance respectively. Key words: leadership development, coaching, education and development, empowerment, participation in decision-making, authorization, performanceIntroduction Leadership is a mysterious process that has been considered similarly by common peo ple, scientists and researchers since the far past. It is one of the major five tasks of managers in some guidance texts. Leadership means art of influencing the subordinates so that they conduct pre-determined activities in the framework of certain purposes voluntarily and eagerly (Khalili Shurini, 1995: 15-19).It seems that when the leader is able to mobilize and coordinate human forces by emphasizing human relations, his action would be led to satisfaction and improvement of employees performance automatically. Today governmental and private organizations intend to enhance their service quality and this wont be fulfilled unless with a good management, suitable leadership and moving towards knowledge and technology advancement (Rezaeeian, 2005: 230-247). 54 Â © Centre for Promoting Ideas, USA www. ijbhtnet. com As utilizing employees abilities is not possible without effective leadership existence of leadership as the driving factor in employees motivation, creating perspectives, enhancing employees capability, education and development of the organizational forces and compiling purposes and programs are very important to obtain organizational objectives (Moradi, 2009).Major task of Customs as one of the governmental organizations is to control imports and exports legally in order to get duties, preventing to import non-standard and unhygienic products, regulating importation and exportation of some products to regulate the internal market and etc.Violating the above cases would be led to social and cultural abnormalities in addition to their harmful impacts on the internal production and economic stagnation through changing the culture and taste of consumers towards nonstandard and smuggled products and creates disorganization in the economic system by dominance of foreign manufacturers on the internal markets and increases unemployment and the related problems. Since accurate and effective implementation of Customs regulations and avoiding the above probl ems has a direct relationship with Customs eadership and performance of its employees as economic frontiers of the country it is intended in the present survey to answer the following questions given to the above issues. Is there any relationship between leadership development and employees performance in Customs headquarters in Iran? Is there any relationship among leadership development dimensions and employees performance? Which dimension of leadership development has the highest impact on employees performance?Research literature Leadership Leadership is the ability to encourage others to try eagerly in order to obtain certain purposes (Davis, 2010: 423). It is a process in which management of the organization tries to facilitate his tasks to fulfill organizational purposes by creating motivation and an effective relation and encourages employees to conduct their tasks eagerly and enthusiastically (Alvani, 1996: 137-138). Leadership development: past, present and future Leadersh ip development is enhancement of abilities and creating perspective for motivating and directing of individuals towards determined purposes.It includes components such as education and development, participation of individuals in decision-making, coaching, job empowerment and authorization (Ollrich, Gold Smith ; Karter, 2005). Leadership development has obtained achievements in two previous decades among which we can refer increasing of management development methods and coordination among the management and employees. Believing that leadership is something beyond management becomes more popular increasingly and causes more studies to be focused on leadership competencies and problems regarding non-coordination in working affairs and life (Hernez-Broome ; Hughes, 2009).Leadership development at work environment Nowadays innovators represent skills and techniques regarding leadership development through methods such as educational programs and coaching and apply them in real issues. People could obtain important skills by combining such directions and real commercial conditions and thus it is possible for organizations to find important, synchronous and related issues and deal with them. Finally purpose of leadership development includes action not knowledge.Therefore, leadership development at present means providing learning opportunities for people through work not keeping them aloof from the work environment and obliging them to learning. Moreover, the best experience of organizations is to find out the leadership role as a key factor in all job levels and that they are committed to create effective leaders across their organizations. Developing more individual and better leaders is not the only focusing point of leadership development although this issue is still very important.Leadership is increasingly defined in a way that it is not just related to leaders acts rather it is a process which creates a new generation of leaders and effective relations that their focus is on leaders and colleagues interaction (Lajevardi, 2011). Organizational performance Organizational performance is obtaining organizational and social purposes or going beyond them and conducting responsibilities undertaken by people (Heresy and Blanchard, 1996: 504). 155 International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology Vol. 2 No. 5; August 2012Research hypotheses Primary hypothesis There is a relationship between leadership development and employees performance. Secondary hypotheses 1- There is a relationship between coaching and employees performance. 2- There is a relationship between education and development and employees performance. 3- There is a relationship between empowerment and employees performance. 4- There is a relationship between participation in decision-making and employees performance. 5- There is a relationship between authorization and employees performance.Conceptual model of the survey In this survey leadership development and its d imensions (coaching, education and development, empowerment, participation in decision-making and authorization) are regarded as independent variables and performance is regarded as dependent variable. Leadership development Coaching Performance Education and development Empowerment Participation in decision-making Authorization Research methodology The present survey was conducted using descriptive-correlation method. Statistical population included employees of Customs headquarters in 2011.Volume of the statistical population was equal to 678 persons among which 386 persons were male and 292 persons were female. Sample volume was determined equal to 250 persons using Krejcie and Morgan table and relative class sampling method was used. Therefore, portion of each class (male and female employees) was first calculated in the statistical population and the same ratio was observed in the sample too. Statistical sample of employees contains 142 males and 108 females by gender separatio n. Two researcher self-made questionnaires were used for leadership development and performance to collect the required data.Although these questionnaires were standard and normalized, views of advisor and guiding professors were reviewed to determine validity of the questionnaires. Cronbach alpha coefficients of leadership development and employees performance questionnaires ware equal to 0. 89 and 0. 86 respectively which illustrated high reliability of both questionnaires. Results were analyzed through SPSS software. Analyzing results As variables under study follow normal distribution Pierson correlation coefficient is used in this survey to study the relationship among variables.Secondary hypotheses Hypothesis 1: H0: there is no positive relationship between coaching and employees performance. H1: there is a positive relationship between coaching and employees performance. 156 Â © Centre for Promoting Ideas, USA www. ijbhtnet. com Table 1- Pierson correlation coefficient betwe en coaching and employees performance Correlation between coaching and employees performance Pierson correlation coefficient (r) +0. 276 Number (N) 250 Significance level (P) Plt;0. 001 Result Significantpositive Given to results of table (1) because the calculated amount for Pierson correlation coefficient is significant at level ? 0. 01 it is inferred that hypothesis H0 regarding nonexistence of relation is rejected by 99% confidence and hypothesis H1 regarding existence of relation between the two variables is confirmed. Hypothesis 2: H0: there is no positive relationship between education and development and employees performance. H1: there is a positive relationship between education and development and employees performance. Table 2- Pierson correlation coefficient between education and development and employees performance Correlation between education and development and employees performance Pierson correlation coefficient (r) +0. 03 Number (N) 250 Significance level (P) Pl t;0. 001 Result Significantpositive Given to results of table (2) because the calculated amount for Pierson correlation coefficient is significant at level ? = 0. 01 it is inferred that hypothesis H0 regarding nonexistence of relation is rejected by 99% confidence and hypothesis H1 regarding existence of relation between the two variables is confirmed. Hypothesis 3: H0: there is no positive relationship between empowerment and employees performance. H1: there is a positive relationship between empowerment and employees performance.Table 3- Pierson correlation coefficient between empowerment and employees performance Correlation between empowerment and employees performance Pierson correlation coefficient (r) +0. 469 Number (N) 250 Significance level (P) Plt;0. 001 Result Significantpositive Given to results of table (3) because the calculated amount for Pierson correlation coefficient is significant at level ? = 0. 01 it is inferred that hypothesis H0 regarding nonexistence of relat ion is rejected by 99% confidence and hypothesis H1 regarding existence of relation between the two variables is confirmed.Hypothesis 4: H0: there is no positive relationship between participation in decision-making and employees performance. H1: there is a positive relationship between participation in decision-making and employees performance. Table 4- Pierson correlation coefficient between participation in decision-making and employees performance Correlation between participation in decisionmaking and employees performance Pierson correlation coefficient (r) +0. 498 Number (N) 250 Significance level (P) Plt;0. 001 Result SignificantpositiveGiven to results of table (4) because the calculated amount for Pierson correlation coefficient is significant at level ? = 0. 01 it is inferred that hypothesis H0 regarding nonexistence of relation is rejected by 99% confidence and hypothesis H1 regarding existence of relation between the two variables is confirmed. 157 International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology Vol. 2 No. 5; August 2012 Hypothesis 5: H0: there is no positive relationship between authorization and employees performance. H1: there is a positive relationship between authorization and employees performance.Table 5- Pierson correlation coefficient between authorization and employees performance Correlation between authorization and employees performance Pierson correlation coefficient (r) +0. 618 Number (N) 250 Significance level (P) Plt;0. 001 Result Significantpositive Given to results of table (5) because the calculated amount for Pierson correlation coefficient is significant at level ? = 0. 01 it is inferred that hypothesis H0 regarding nonexistence of relation is rejected by 99% confidence and hypothesis H1 regarding existence of relation between the two variables is confirmed.Primary hypothesis: H0: there is no positive relationship between leadership development and employees performance. H1: there is a positive relationship betwe en leadership development and employees performance. Table 6- Pierson correlation coefficient between leadership development and employees performance Correlation between leadership development and employees performance Pierson correlation coefficient (r) +0. 610 Number (N) 250 Significance level (P) Plt;0. 001 Result Significantpositive Given to results of table (6) because the calculated amount for Pierson correlation coefficient is significant at level ? 0. 01 it is inferred that hypothesis H0 regarding nonexistence of relation is rejected by 99% confidence and hypothesis H1 regarding existence of relation between the two variables is confirmed. Multiple regression analysis of employees performance based on leadership development dimensions In this section predictive impact of predictor variables (coaching, education and development, empowerment, participation in decision-making and authorization) on the criterion variable (employees performance) is explained and studied using st ep by step multiple regression analysis.Results are illustrated in table (7). Table 7- multiple regression analysis of employees performance based on leadership development dimensions Test statistics Predictor variables B Remained authorization in education and analysis development empowerment Not coaching inserted participation in in decisionanalysis making 0. 446 0. 200 0. 138 0. 037 0. 030 B Sig P;lt;0. 001 P=0. 001 P=0. 021 P=0. 550 P=0. 664 Beta Significance level of beta Multiple correlation coefficient R 0. 64 Coefficient of determination R2 0. 434 Fstatistic Significance level of Fstatistic F Sig P;lt;0. 001 F 64. 680 As results of table (7) show variables of authorization, education and development and empowerment are remained in analysis among the inserted predictor variables based on the highest significance level respectively (P;lt;0. 01, P;lt;0. 05) and variables of coaching and participation in decision-making are not inserted in analysis (P;gt;0. 05). 158 Â © Centre for Promoting Ideas, USA www. ijbhtnet. comAuthorization, education and development and empowerment explain employees performance score significantly (Plt;0. 01, R2= 0. 434, F= 64. 680). These variables are important in predicting employees performance and totally they have allocated 43% of variance of employees performance score to themselves. Positive coefficients of calculated beta (? ) for authorization (? = 0. 45), education and development (? = 0. 20) and empowerment (? = 0. 14) reveal that employees performance score is increased by increasing scores of these variables.Therefore it is inferred that authorization, education and development and empowerment have the highest impact on employees performance respectively. Conclusion Obtained results of analyzing statistical data demonstrate that there is a positive and significant relationship among leadership development and its dimensions. Authorization and education and development among leadership development dimensions are str ong correlators of employees performance.On the other hand, obtained results of regression analysis show variables of authorization, education and development and empowerment are remained in analysis among predictor variables (leadership development dimensions) based on the highest significance level and coaching and participation in decision-making are not inserted in analysis. Authorization, education and development and empowerment variables explain employees performance score significantly. These variables are important in predicting employees performance.Therefore, it is concluded that authorization, education and development and empowerment have the highest impact on employees performance respectively. Recommendations It is recommended to managers as instructors to create and accelerate learning to improve employees performance; train and develop employees through methods such as job cycle, assistance and etc; try to empower employees; provide the ground for employees particip ation in decision-makings by making individuals familiar with affairs and their manner and it is necessary to prioritize authorization methods in their management.Also it is recommended to conduct this survey topic in other institutions and organizations and study the relationship among leadership development and productivity and efficiency. References Alvani, S. M, 1996, General management, Tehran: SAMT Publishing Co. David J. L. (2000). A Determination of Interpersonal Interaction Expectations in International Buyer-Seller . Relationships. Ph. D. Dissertation, Blacksburg, Virginia Dissenzu, David. F Robins, P, 2011, Principles of human resources management, translated by Seyyed Naghavi, M.A and Yaghubi, S, Tehran: Mah Kameh Hernez-Broome, Gina. , Hughes, Richard L. (2009) Leadership Development: Past, Present, and Future. Center for Creative Leadership. Human Resource Planning, available at: www. ccl. org Heresy, Paul Blanchard, Kont Eich, 1996, Organizational behavior managemen t, translated by Kabiri, GH, Tehran: Majed Khalili Shurini, S, 1995, Leadership theories, Tehran:Ghaem Lajevardi, J Jamali Nazari, A, 2011, Relationship between emotional intelligence and reference style of managers leadership, Journal of Management Perspective, No. , spring Moradi, M, 2009, Special topic in managers leadership style, Tehran: Management Organization. Olrich, Goldsmith Karter, 2005, Leadership development and organizational changes, translated by Moeeinodini, H. R, Tehran: Management Organization Rezaeeian, A, 2005, Principles of organization and management, SAMT Publishing Co. Saadat, E, 2008, Human resources management (2th edition), SAMT Publishing Co. Sange, Peter, 2008, Dance of change: challenges of stable change in learning organizations, Akbari, H and Soltani, M, Tehran: Ariana Research-Industrial Group Publications 159

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